CuIn1-xGaxSe2(CIGS) thin films for x=0.3 with the thickness (500,1000) nm on glass substrate at ambient temperature have been prepared by thermal evaporation technique from four-component semiconductors alloy (CIGS) which obtained by the melt-quenching method. The effects of thickness and annealing temperature on structural and optical properties have been studied. The results showed that as the film thickness increases the crystallinity improves and the more improvement were observed with the increase in annealing temperature. The optical measurements revealed that most of the optical properties were significantly affected by the thickness and annealing temperature, the CIGS thin films conformed that all films have, direct allowed energy gap of (500 and 1000 ) nm thickness as prepared equal to ( 1.75 and 2.35 ) eV respectively.

Government through central bank sells or purchase Treasury bills to represent government securities’ interest rate in open markets operations with the aim of influencing liaquidity conditions in the financial system. Again central bank make adjustment in the treasury bill rates with the intention of devaluing her currency so as to encourage export and discourage imports. Kenya has been facing high volatility of exchange rate and a continuous depreciation of Kenya shilling to US dollar. Depreciation of the home currency decreases return on investment when investing internationally.

The shell and tube type of heat exchanger module is to be used for simulation study of various fluid systems on rate of heat transfer. The ionic fluids are used to see the difference in outlet temperature of fluid as compared to reference fluid. The cooling fluid is made by adding various amounts of solutes to water and the effect is observed on rate. Also suggestions are made on the nature of heat transfer, rate of heat transfer and improved effectiveness in the rate of heat transfer as compared to the normal process. The conclusions are made about the best simulated results obtain from Chemcad software on rate of heat transfer.

The manufacturing sector in Botswana has been rapidly growing in recent times. Maintenance management system plays a vital role in keeping equipment on condition and also major contributor for overall productivity. The current study seeks to improve maintenance management of a local textile case study company with its operations based in Gaborone Botswana. The study sought to assist the organization take advantage of low labor costs and good export policies to manufacture goods for both local and the international markets through effective maintenance management.

Data mining is a process of extracting knowledge from a vast database using tools and techniques. Data mining plays an important role in decision making on issues related to many real-time problems such as business, education, agriculture etc. Data mining in agriculture helps the farmers to decide on crop yield ratio, water resource management, pesticides management and fertilizer management. Nowadays, climatic change is one of the challenging problems in agriculture which has a greater impact on productivity